Indonesia

Indonesia has a long history of mining that dates back to ancient times when gold, silver, tin, and copper were mined and traded by local kingdoms. The growth of mining in Indonesia during the colonial period was driven by the Dutch who established the first mining company, the Nederlandsche Nieuw Guinea Petroleum Maatschappij (NNGPM), in 1907. After gaining independence in 1945, Indonesia continued to invest in its mining sector, and by the early 1960s, it had become a significant producer of nickel, bauxite, and copper.

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In the 21st century, Indonesia’s mining industry has been characterized by controversy and conflict due to issues around worker safety, environmental damage, and disputes over land rights. The government has taken steps to promote sustainable mining practices and has introduced regulations to curb illegal mining activities, but challenges remain in balancing the need for economic growth with protecting the environment and social welfare. Despite these challenges, Indonesia remains a major player in the global mining market and continues to be an important source of various metals and minerals.